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A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility." Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to the environment, or reactor core melt." The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactivity are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate practically since the first nuclear reactors were constructed in 1954. It has also been a key factor in public concern about nuclear facilities.〔M.V. Ramana. Nuclear Power: Economic, Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues of Near-Term Technologies, ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'', 2009, 34, p. 136.〕 Some technical measures to reduce the risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of radioactivity released to the environment have been adopted. Despite the use of such measures, human error remains, and "there have been many accidents with varying impacts as well near misses and incidents".〔 Worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants.〔 Fifty-seven accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and 57% (56 out of 99) of all nuclear-related accidents have occurred in the USA.〔 Serious nuclear power plant accidents include the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), Chernobyl disaster (1986), Three Mile Island accident (1979), and the SL-1 accident (1961).〔 Nuclear-powered submarine core meltdown and other mishaps include the K-19 (1961), K-11 (1965), K-27 (1968), K-140 (1968), K-429 (1970), K-222 (1980), K-314 (1985), and K-431 (1985).〔 Serious radiation accidents include the Kyshtym disaster, Windscale fire, radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica,〔http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p6b4qDorN4wC&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=costa+rica+radiotherapy+accident#PPA299,M1〕 radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza,〔(Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources ) p. 15.〕 radiation accident in Morocco,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NRC: Information Notice No. 85-57: Lost Iridium-192 Source Resulting in the Death of Eight Persons in Morocco )〕 Goiania accident,〔(The Radiological Accident in Goiania ) p. 2.〕 radiation accident in Mexico City, radiotherapy unit accident in Thailand,〔Pallava Bagla. "Radiation Accident a 'Wake-Up Call' For India's Scientific Community" ''Science'', Vol. 328, 7 May 2010, p. 679.〕 and the Mayapuri radiological accident in India.〔 The IAEA maintains a website reporting recent accidents.〔http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/Publications_on_Accident_Response〕 ==Nuclear power plant accidents== One of the worst nuclear accidents to date was the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986 in Ukraine. The accident killed 30 people directly and damaged approximately $7 billion of property. A study published in 2005 estimates that there will eventually be up to 4,000 additional cancer deaths related to the accident among those exposed to significant radiation levels.〔Benjamin K. Sovacool. A preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, 1907–2007, ''Energy Policy'' 36 (2008), pp. 1802-1820.〕 Radioactive fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Approximately 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas soon after the accident.〔 Benjamin K. Sovacool has reported that worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define major energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages.〔 Fifty-seven accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and almost two-thirds (56 out of 99) of all nuclear-related accidents have occurred in the US. There have been comparatively few fatalities associated with nuclear power plant accidents.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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